High pluripotency of MSCs is have an advanced ability to proliferate and differentiate into various specific cell types more than normal. Although MSCs are generally classified as multipotent, the term "high pluripotency" often refers to the fact that specialized MSCs (such as those from the umbilical cord or those that have been modified) possess a high potential, close to that of pluripotent stem cells, for generating specific tissues. Originally identified in the bone marrow, MSCs have since been isolated from a variety of tissues, including adipose tissue, umbilical cord blood, dental pulp, and placental tissue. These adult stem cells are characterized by their capacity for self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and immunomodulatory functions, making them attractive candidates for therapeutic applications across a broad spectrum of human diseases MSCs are nonhematopoietic, multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into various mesodermal lineages, including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and ectodermal and endodermal lineages.

The ability of stem cells to modulate the immunesystem and promote tissue repair distinguishes them from other stem cell types. According to the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT, a nongovernmental organization), MSCs are defined on the basis of three key criteria: (1) adherence to plastic when cultured under standard conditions; (2) expression of specific surface markers (such as CD73, CD90, and CD105; ≥95%) while lacking expression of hematopoietic markers (CD34, CD45, CD14 or CD11b, CD79α or CD19, HLA-DR; ≤2%); and (3) the capacity to differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages under in vitro conditions. Due to their plasticity, the MSC are considered the most important cell type for regenerative medicine, and are the most widely studied in preclinical and clinical trials by reducing inflammation, modulating immune responses, and promoting tissue repair via paracrine signaling. They are highly effective for treating musculoskeletal injuries, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular conditions due to their ability to differentiate into various cell types, such as bone and cartilage. (References: Han, X., Liao, R., Li, X., Zhang, C., Huo, S., Qin, L., ... & Zhang, T. (2025). Mesenchymal stem cells in treating human diseases: molecular mechanisms and clinical studies. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 10(1), 262.)